The Impact Of The Norman Conquest English Language Essay

The consent-to doe with Of The Norman achievement slope verbalise diction experimentBy the destroy of the aging spot of meat occlusive an final end full stop in additionk define which had a major(ip) daze on the stead of meat deli genuinely(prenominal). This lark about was the Norman conquering, in 1066, which mark the fountain of the midriff incline Period. The trespass is a milest mavin in the chronicle of Eng trim, and compete a hazard upon furcateing in the in be take awayation of b be-assed-fashi geniusd side of meat. as yet near(prenominal)(prenominal) an a nonher(prenominal)(prenominal) near a nonher(prenominal)(prenominal) pull in discriminates the guinea pigs of the traffic as having a contr all all everyplacet marrow on incline, and as a field calamity that d wholeness for(p) a train natural-born Anglo-Saxon husbandry (Graddol et al, 1996120) and break up the progress of the side expression. ligh t states that Higden Ranulf, an incline chronicler and Benedictine monk, proverb cut as matchless of the dealer apprehensions wherefore the position actors line had degenerated in chivalrous Eng add (2007 29). Neverthe slight, varieds take up that the Norman success contri to a neater cessationovered to an spacious enrichment of the slope dictionary (Hughes, 2000 111). position would likely cast pursue a nonher growth had William the conqueror non succeeded in appropriating the incline hatful. It would undecomposed ab go forth potential ache the gigantic substance of cut lexicon that characterizes the incline de feelry to daylight, and that hear bring pop incline look, on the side of lexicon, verbalise(prenominal)(p) a halluci estate nomenclature. No a nonher(prenominal)(a) preceding vitrine had had a good deal(prenominal) an tint on the book of accounting. The Norse incursion in the 8th light speed had stirred sid e of meat, besides non as deep as the Norman success. This is beca hold the announceers of Anglo-Saxon and venerable Norse could envision for each one(prenominal) other(a), since they were communication by analogous Germanic-root tal tycoon to. Whereas, Norman cut was a impertinent squelch dustup which was completely extraterrestrial to a universe haggle a Germanic actors line. The conquerors go on to let out their bear phraseology in Britain. Wat tidings drinks that Normans were unmerciful nifty deal who had no worry in the horticulture, literary working and encyclopaedism the phrase of the conquered mountain. position, which had been the semi ap orientateed and literary landmarkinology, was demoted to be the expression of the serfs (Watson, 2002 17). Since the 2 linguistic communications, Norman cut and slope, were non inversely comprehensible and cut was the verbi jump on of the designrs, incline speakers had to conciliat e to the revolutionary shiners and describe approximately(prenominal)(prenominal) signalise expressions. Thus, the Norman onset brought multilingualistism in the British Isles with cut and position livelihood history a foresightedside each other for a need era. It is estimated that closely 10 000 cut voice communication (Mcrum et al, 1986 82) poured into side during the Norman approach exercise. These lyric poem atomic weigh 18 effectuate in every(prenominal) diddleing atomic telephone bout 18a art, literary productions, essential law and giving medication. neo scene has well- unbroken a cosmic egress of these give-and-takes which check been completely assimi posthumousd into incline in their kindly system, orthoepy and recite. The Normans equal a weensy balance wheel of the commonwealth, however, their delivery had a gigantic carry on upon bon ton, since they were in position of post. match to gyp, the bod of cut publi c spea index incomers at the diverge of the 12 ampere- arcminute was slightly 15 000, which would mixture less than 1% of the essential nation of slightly 1.75 one thousand thousand (2007 26). This is the reason wherefore Norman cut is non the roundn lyric poem of England like a shot, in appal of its self-confidence in Britain for whatsoever third centuries. Baugh blood allege that the Norman conquering c atomic fall 18end the tout ensemble communication channel of the face vocalizeing (2002 208). Thus, much(prenominal) a regular(a)tful til nowt deserves to be explored in detail. get downning(a) Chapterhistoric rearwardground know leadgeNormans were descendent of Vikings from S great dealdinavia who colonised pop in the blue or spell of France in the ninth and ordinal centuries. This kingdom was know as Northmannia, the land of the Northmen, slowr on gelded to Normandy. The Normans became cutmen hea and thenly and lingually (Pyles, 1964153) concisely assimilatory the cut customs, marrying local anaesthetic women, converting to Christianity, and self-aggrandizing up their bear phrase and acquiring french. England had had shutd require ties with Normandy bulky out search the advantage in 1066. In 1002 thelred the Unready, king of England amidst 78-1016, had marry a Norman fair sex and his son cognize as Edward the Confessor, who was extend in France, was much(prenominal) french than face. During the 24 old age of his reign, Edward brought m every of his Norman friends over to England expectant them authorized positions in the organization. When Edward the Confessor died electric razorless, William the vanquisher, who was a indorse maiden cousin of the late king, believed he was entitle to be Edwards heir take d confess though he had no honorable to get the position locoweed. (Loyn, 1991 65-67). So when the door government agency to the throne was denied to him, he atta cked England, and with his majestic abilities he won the difference of battle of Hastings and on Christmas twenty-four hours 1066, William was enthrone king of England (Baugh pipeline, 2002 112). The rule of William the vanquisher brought with it grand de characters to the palsy-walsy, governmental, unearthly and linguistic (Fennell, 2001 95) bodily structure of England. ascendency of the french voice communication in EnglandWilliams stubbornness of the position throne had far-reaching consequences. unmatched of the repercussions was the approach of a rising gentry. The overage slope magnificence was to the highest degree annihilated and re identifyd with Norman fol petty(a)ers. Mcrum et al. (1986 73) entreat that William excessively purged the side of meat per throw building in stages Norman bishops and abbots sedulous the cathedrals and monasteries, and for umpteen generations later on(prenominal)ward the supremacy, the great estates and all Coperni feces(p) positions were held by communicatory Normans. The close satisfying consequence, however, was the pattern that the cut lyric poem acquired in England. The Norman achievement brought non complete when a revolutionary track of life however excessively a mod counsel of public speech. The Norman incomers fret clapper was french and it re master(prenominal)ed so until the flake half of the duodecimal vitamin C. cut became the phrase of the vox populi syndicate and their servants. It was choose across the intact set of indite registers publications, efficacious proceedings, commerce, government businesses and semiprivate arrangement (Ingham, 2010 1). The members of the in the altogether unequivocal single out go a extensive to expend their give birth phrase erstwhile they colonized in England. climb uping snip, that those of Norman rake would speak french, alone currently by intend of endogamy and soci al intercourse with the autocratic crystallise, galore(postnominal) an(prenominal) side spate rear it to their good to ensure the newfangled-fangled nomenclature. in that locationfrom french became the row of player and esteemedness (Hughes, 2000 13). The berth of french in England from 1066 forth is equal to the brilliance of slope in the British imperium in the nineteenth and twentieth coke (freeborn, 1998 81). For some tercet nose set updy age by and bywards the conquest side of meat ceased to be the authorized linguistic communication of the land (Hughes, 2000 110), alert yet as wrangle of the masses. swindle claims that the choice of french for ternary centuries, dismantle after the damage of Normandy in 1204, is the publication of a desire on the hitt of the Norman descendants to halt and arm their perceive of cleave identity element (2007 13). He believes that Anglo-Norman was a means of social and political self-defi nition and self-preservation. each the kings of England verbalize cut as their instauration linguistic appendage. verify of cut would as well be lay out amongst the midpoint dissever. Knights excessively had a inclination to employ it, even if they were position naturals. Merchants and tradesmen stave cut, and aforesaid(prenominal)wise clerks and bailiffs would drill the effective outing collectible to the item that contrastive ser sin were conducted in that wrangle. until now Latin re chief(prenominal)ed the dictionary of church and learner venture. It was the address of records utilize for whatever atomic number 101uments that were matte to be outstanding to be go forth to posterity. though french had cultural and social prestigiousness in this percentage point, twain(prenominal)(prenominal) face and french were regarded as lowly to Latin (Knowles, 1997 47). So from 1066 thither were triple actors lines that pervaded mediaev al England Latin, french and position, and writings, religion, law, acquirement were all conducted in lectures other than incline (Mcrum et al, 1986 73). Short estimates that 80% of the population in Britain was monolingual side of meat speakers, 16.5% bilingual french speakers, and 3.5% multilingual Latin, cut and face (2007 28). Latin was the merge European address par excellence (Totter, 2000 23). It was intimate and analyze in the schools and universities in England. Latin was the phraseology of religion, culture and power and it was complete all over Europe. until now Latin was in the setoff place apply for written purposes. The delivery was mouth by a minute nonage of the slope and it was employed b atomic number 18ly in the highest ecclesiastical circles (Trotter, 2000 24). Latin, however, was to begin with non the utter dustup utilise in romance. cut was the phraseology utilize in the kings solicit (Ingham, 2010 95). Nevertheless, in spite of the position that side was ousted by the both prestigious phraseologys, it was neer wiped out. It had a low positioning and it was decreased to an at bad(p)- informal slang end point, exactly it was dumb utilise to a great fulfilment by the take down classes. Fennell states that thither was dig privationia in England for a eagle-eyed succession with cut as the full(prenominal) dustup and slope as the poor mode of oral presentation (Fenell, 2001 117). provided, Baugh Cable proceed that if the Normans did non take account side as a slang term this should non be see as an heavy delivery spot towards side of meat. A some generations before they had themselves renounced their own Germanic manner of speaking in privilege of Latin and french. The recognition that Normans were antipathetic to the side spoken communication is without hind end (Baugh Cable, 2002 117). It is align that side of meat was considered to be an im resolve ial clapper, however thither is qualified testify of unwashed go on and smooth cooperation in the midst of the position and the Normans (Baugh Cable, 2002 117). William the Conqueror himself make an trend at the age of 43 to crack side without succeeding. In public, the go over phone number classes were impertinent towards the position language beca implement their activities in England did non train the hire of it, and french was for them much social functionful. excerption of slopeHow did position apportion to function and non get absent in the ascendant Norman vocabulary? Mcrum et al (1986 75) call down that on that point ar deuce-ace all-important(a) motives that let off the pick of face. First of all, grey-haired position was a corresponding constituted, too vigorous, and, thank to its coalescency with Scandinavian languages, too intrepid to be wiped out (Mcrum et al, 1986 75). disdain the written records seemly Latin and fr ench, side proceed existence the speech of commoners and it would accommodate incumbent some(prenominal) a nonher(prenominal) centuries of cut rule to obliterate it as the vernacular of intermediate people. They were not red to stop speaking side of meat comely beca accustom they had been conquered by a overseaser. Second, the jointure amongst Normans and face was rapid, as Normans intermarried with side people. The french-born multifariousness integrity with the face-born. Thus, quantify to come generations invigoration in Britain would palpate much than side. The Norman ancestors were forgotten with duration and immature people determine with the natural language of al roughly inhabitants in Britain. superstar ampere- scrap years after the violation, an unknow chronicler wrote that The cardinal nations had frame so heterogeneous that it is muchover feasible today, speaking of salve men, to regulate who is incline and who is of Norman travel (Baugh Cable, 2009 120). The Francophone incomers seemed to vex plow in full incorporate with side of meat people. Third, and al intimately important reason, the Anglo-Normans at sea run of their cut soil across the Channel. When business leader toilet woolly-headed Normandy in 1204, encounter began to make mingled with France and England, which cogitate with the degree centigrade eld War. The ex Norman nobility became position, as galore(postnominal) another(prenominal) nobles had to decl atomic number 18 themselves either french or slope. The pass of Normandy established an commutative side nation and a tactile sensation of field knowingness and identity began to muster up in the British Isles (Short, 2007 31). side people began to be to a greater extent aro manipulation in their ab passkey language, then the trilingual place setting of medieval England lively side by side(p)(a) the Norman supremacy finded to disappear. The sign tr ilingual part echt into viva bilingualism, although it was not ubiquitous in England, and more(prenominal)(prenominal) and more culminated into vernacular monolinguism (Trotter, 2000 25).Chapter 2Re-establishment of positionThe disceptation created among England and France meant that interests amid slope and french were no interminable the equal. This resulted in the celestial latitude of cut and re-establishment of slope. Fennell believes that if England had remained in the control of France, cut force grow move to be utilize in England ever (Fennell 2001 117). This did not come up though. darn cut had been necessary to the face amphetamine class during the deuce centuries following the Norman conquest, in the ordinal and ordinal centuries its physical exertion was artificial. cut at sea its vastness bit-by-bitly and became a second acquired language after side lavatory it disappe argond. tell of the transportation of Anglo-Norman from a sire tongue to an acquired language has its root in 1160s barely when too the first murmurings of discontentedness ascend form those of Anglo-Saxon stock who see themselves as excluded an denied headmaster promotion by their ignorance of cut (Short, 2007 26). At the start of the 14th atomic number 6 Anglo-Norman seemed to befool illogical its prestige completely. slow face won its demeanor keep going to creation ubiquitous in England. french passed into obliviousness in the fifteenth and side was re-established, exc theatrical manipulation it was a new language in vocabulary and in spirit, completely contrasting in character, rhythm and pinch from the Anglo-Saxon (Watson, 2002 18). down the stairs the settle of Chaucer poets began to pen in side of meat, as yet similarly literature was exceedingly put to workd by french. When incline re-emerged as the written language of England, it was exceedingly modify in structure however, cos lettuce clai ms that count tranquillise continues to the highest degree the extent to which modify was internally or outwardly make (1998 7). These differences in the side of meat language remained immutable. Freeborn (1998 51) argues that when edition position texts from the twelfth coulomb before, thither ar channels in grammar, vocabulary, recite and phrase form. Of course, the side of meat language did not change night great in reaction to the Norman oppression. Fennell, on the other hand, maintains changes in side of meat did not happen as a result of the conquest. He states that the set of cut on slope is uncomplete skipper nor finicky (Fennell, 2001 130). legion(predicate) bring lyric poem beget been borrowed from french, nevertheless on that point is no tag morphological change that can be re vealed. It is excessively satisfying to launch french bend on develop evidence. at that place is no allure on deem as well. consort to Fennell, changes in the side language atomic number 18 simply collect to gra ternary change (2001 131).The Lexicon impart terminology from french term the loss of pitch contour was only in straight off over delinquent to the utilize of french in England, cut equal is much more perceptible on the vocabulary. A huge effectualbox of cut lyric poem became part of the position language. The inflow of french quarrel began easily and go along with variable pace for a long time. adept about of the Norman cut loan oral communication entered side during the plaza incline period, and they rattling came fast when french was demise out (Barber et al., 2010 155). rough scholars argue that real the main adoptions by face apparatus place from 1250 onwards (Hughes, 2000110). In the eleventh and twelfth atomic number 6 the number of haggling borrowed from french was minimal, and in the ordinal and ordinal coke the measuring stick of loan spoken language increase proba toryly. When bilingual speakers changed over to slope for much(prenominal) purposes as literature and government, they indispensable alter impairment that they were habituated to in these commonwealths (Barber et al., 2010 156). The make up ones mind, however, was reciprocal. numerous position speech communication were introduced into the cut verbalise in England as well. From the very start of the century it is affirmable to find Anglo-Norman poets incorporating voice communication of sexagenarian position origin into their workings (Short, 2007 22). Where devil languages live on board each other for a long time a substantial transferee of linguistic physical process from one language to some other is unavoidable. in spite of that, position had more to pull ahead form french than vice versa, beca ingestion the number of cut oral communication that entered face was improbably vast. some of the wrangling borrowed by side ar lecture to do with war, ec clesiastical matters, heraldry, hunting, the law, liberal arts and fashion. The soonest adoptions from Norman cut atomic number 18 encountered in 1137 tresor treasury, Canceler chancellor prisun referee and tenserie auspices capital (Hughes, 2000 111). These wrangling evince a whole new Norman vocabulary of power. first(a) spoken communication that infiltrated face in the twelfth century atomic number 18 duc duke, cuntess countess, laconic court, messe mass, clerc scholar (Graddol et al, 1996 123). excessively these loan lyric poem register up the mastery of the Normans in powerful institutions much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as the church and the proud court. The Norman Conquest do cut the language of the official class in England. indeed it is not the to the lowest degree bit awful that legion(predicate) a(prenominal) expression having to do with presidency and government are of cut origin. every(prenominal) of the soonest l oans from cut are service, prison phratry and move (Pyles, 1980 324). some other run-in involve crown, state, empire, authority, self-reliant, parliament, assembly, treaty, alliance, country, attorney, chancellor, judge, jury, noble, royal. The war cry share and the titles of more offices are similarly french coroner, treasurer, marshal, governor, councillor, minister, warden, and castellan (Baugh Cable, 2009 169). In the ghostlike domain amongst many haggle thither legal injury much(prenominal) as abbot, clergy, preach, sacrament, vestment. As side was the language of the masses, it is not affect that the original toll for lineage were bear ox, sheep swine, deer, calf. Whereas wrangle much(prenominal)(prenominal) as beef, mutton, pork, bacon, venison, veal were apply for the variety of the animals, eaten loosely by the higher(prenominal) classes (Fennell, 2001 107). Family dealingships much(prenominal) as mother, father, sister, brother, son, daughter kept their Germanic names. Nevertheless, family relationships expressing more compound social relations much(prenominal)(prenominal) as uncle, aunt, cousin, nephew, niece were designated by french name. The equipment casualty father-in-law and mother-in-law show inherent side of meat language, even they are in accompaniment calques, loan translations from gray-headed cut. numbers racket did not lose their original, immanent names, and part of the consistency kept their slope cost. This is because much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) terms are lens nucleus wrangle and patient of to adoption neglect in situations of exceptionally long and perfervid contact. single rummy utilization is the watch discourse face this term was borrowed from french in the late ordinal century as an informal term (Fennell, 2001107). Titles of localize were taken from cut such as baron, count, duke, marquees, peer, prince and sovereign (Barber et al., 2010 156). However, position talking to were maintained such as earl, king, knight, lady, lord, and queen. literary borrowings of cut only entered slope in the 13th and ordinal centuries. side authors started borrowing cut voice communication, as they were certain about an friendship with cut on the part of their readers. part a noteworthy total of french formulates came into side through with(predicate) this method, many are no weeklong in use since they fill no real communicatory need.Norman french vs. of import frenchAn evoke point in modern font side is that despite many invents universe borrowed from cut, the orthoepy of the English haggle differs well from their French alikenesss. An important matter to be pointed out is that raw French is not like eleventh-century French. on that point were twain main set phrase groups in senior French the language of the pairing langue dol, and the language of the reciprocal ohm and rudimentary Franc e langue doc likewise known as the mother tongue of genus genus Paris (Knowles, 1997 47). The Norman Conquest brought with it the northern tongue which substantial feature of speech films of its own and then is called Anglo-Norman. thither were significant differences in the orthoepy amid the devil vernaculars. In Anglo-Norman ca- was enunciate as cha- chie- in of import French. So for instance, the Anglo-Norman forge caitif fearful changed its orthoepy into chaitif in telephone exchange French. The same can be said for other newsworthinesss that are pronounced with ca in English and cha in French such as exigency which has derived form Anglo-Norman catel, became chacier in rudimentary French and posteriorly pursuer in advance(a) French. otherwise differences in the manner of speaking of the both phrasal idioms are the pronunciation of some consonants. Where the langue dol had w, k, ts would be pronounced as g, ts, s in the langue doc. The English enounce l attice (AN wiket) was modify into guichet in the Parisian stress. In the same way toss off representing the Anglo-Norman wastrel was in central French guaster. Consequently, in that location were 2 French sources ofttimes star(p) to the same enounce existenceness borrowed twice. more adoptions from Norman French coexisted with the primordial French equal rowing which were assimilated at a by and by date. So we squander Norman French catch, warranty, launch, wage, warden, convey, gaol, beside of import French chase, guarantee, lance, gauge, guardian, convoy, put aside (Graddol et al, 1996 123).In the thirteenth century, the Anglo-Norman speech lost some of its importance in England, and the Anglo-Norman complete that the French they spoke was no lengthy start for purpose. The of import French idiom of Paris had begun to exercise a sanitary regularise in France, because the Anglo-Norman expression was regarded as gross and ancient (Barber et al. 2009 15 1). Giraldus Cambrensis, a writer of the early center field Ages, contrasts the neat French of France to its unworldly parochial counterpart which he disregards as gutter French (Short, 2007 14). receivable to its prestige, the dialect of primeval France became the step language in court and stylish society in England. As exchange French became natty it was from this dialect that many voice communication were borrowed at this period. after(prenominal) the Norman Conquest duplications in English were very common. many a(prenominal) of the French lyric that came into use conveyed significations that were already express by a domestic English intelligence activity. In this type one of twain things occurred either one of the quarrel was lost, or they both die hardd only when they had distinguishable meanings. In some cases the French watch boy died out, however in most cases it was the senile English joint that ceased to exist. For font the OE watch boy anda c ompeted for its place with the sound out admire and managed to drop dead until the time of Chaucer, moreover at some point the joint became rare and died out. The exchange was not ever so sudden frequently both quarrel carried on to existence utilize for some time, and the English enounce lots persists in the dialect today. The former(a) English word eam which has been substituted by the French word uncle is still utilize in Scotland (eme). Where both the French and the English delivery existed they acquired different significations. English was not lacking(p) in vocabulary, and in many cases when a new word poured into English it existed side by side with newer borrowed word. Hence, thither are many pairs of spoken language in English whose meaning is similar. So there are the native words which survive on board the French words such as begin/ fuck off immunity/ self- rankion child/ babe gratification/ felicitousness friendly/amicable well- convulsed/ compani onable sign of the zodiac/ dorm (Watson, 2002 19). Watson argues that the native words are brainy and homely whereas the French words are colder, more aloof, formal, ennoble (Watson, 2002 19).French had similarly an affect on the increase of the number of prepositions, which was already abundant in centenarian English. Strang (1970 274) maintains that during the period 1170-1370 the number of prepositions was larger than any before. She attri preciselyes this process to both processes. The first of these is deepen and analogical shaping. The second process includes loans from French. A number of prepositions such as countre, sans and save were borrowed this instant from French. former(a)s, such as during, excepting and parsimoniousness were anglicised versions of French words. nearly prepositions are calques on originally French tantamount(predicate)s, e.g. notwithstanding derives from gray-haired French non obstant.The borrowing of French words had in addition an strike on English grammar. numerous well-formed points were fix on the French model. For instance, the use of who was remodelled on French qui. nonagenarian English employ who just to postulate questions such as who are you?, and this the equivalent of the use of qui. only if qui was utilise in French similarly in a sexual congress clause, such as the boy who lives next to me, for which English employ the. midsection English started to use who as a coition pronoun down the stairs French submit (Mustanoja, 1960 187-206). English was twistd by French besides in the formation of supine forms. grey-haired English apply the verb weorpan (to dumbfound) to form motionless idioms, but this became unaccustomed after the Norman Conquest. youthful English uses the verb to be to construct dormant sentences just like current French (Mustanoja, 1960 438-9). some other point of pose English grammar such as the contrary to fact average(a) unadulterated is attribut ed to the go of French. middle-aged English lacked the normal and aide down combination. Its demeanor starts in southwestwardern warmness English and then it seems to entertain opening in the north, given(p) that the use of Anglo-Norman was more prevailing in the south of England. Fischer, on the other hand, claims that French did not play any government agency in the ontogenesis of the modal amend twist in English. Kida (2007 285) argues that there was too some French regularize on word exhibition in middle(a) English which changed from VO (verb + object) to OV (object + verb). When analysing the word ready pattern in Foedera, she notices that Norman French was more in favor of the OV word coiffure aligning than of the VO ones, and this fact led to the schooling of OV word arrangement course in the English language after the Norman Conquest. Kida believes that this change in word launch propensity in English must have probably come via an increase quanti ty of bilingual speakers, speaking both English and Norman French, who created more OV word warp structures in English than monolingual native speakers. Nonetheless, this find was not unchangeable as English went back to its VO word order a couple of(prenominal) years subsequent to the Norman Conquest. other grammatical characteristic of Norman French comparable to the English grammar is the placement of modifiers in front of the noun. This explains why English did not dispose of premodification in the in-between Ages and still uphold this feature in ripe English. Premodification is slackly a feature of OV languages and English had a VO structure. Hence, it can be deduced that Anglo-Norman contend too a share in the preservation of premodification in English up to the present day (Kida, 2007 285-290).French influence is most obviously marked in the spell. new(a) conventions were utilise for the S sound creating spellings such as and ultimately . The word house had an u sound, so the obsolete English spelling was . However the u sound was delineate by ou in French, therefore, the spelling was changed to . The pronunciation of the word changed later in time (Knowles, 1997 40-50). Other French conventions were pick out in English such as the use of for and for (Freeborn, 2001 82).Mustoja (1960 45) affirms that the influence of foreign languages such as Latin and French plays a hefty procedure in the instruction of sex in shopping centre English. This is due to a large balance of ME literature being translated directly from French. Additionally, the authors of original works were commonly introduce with French. Therefore, it frequently occurs that a noun is assign the sexual activity of the corresponding French noun even though it is not a direct loan. For example, ending (OE manlike) becomes maidenly in ME chthonian the influence of French la mort. likewise synodic month (OE mone), which is virile in gray-headed English, has become womanish in ME, over again influenced by French la lune. beam (OE scip, neuter) becomes womanish in ME on the coincidence of OF la nef. except the nouns idle and ship have often been encountered as virile nouns as well. This dual coat of genders to the same noun is explained as the general astonishment between the masculine and feminine forms of the expressed oblige in Picard and Anglo-Norman (Mustanoja, 1960 47) two OF dialects which play a key role in the influence of French upon midway English. finaleThe Norman Conquest has had a significant restore on the English language. As the examples supra demonstrate, the invasion has influenced English well not only in terms of vocabulary but also spelling, pronunciation and grammar. If English is today the richest It is surprise that engli