College Dropouts Essay

It’s safe to assume that everyone who applies for college is taking the first step to improving their lives. We are not forced to go to college like we are grade school. It’s totally optional yet those of us who chose not to attend college are looked down upon in our society. Our generation is under immense pressure to succeed. The first step to success is usually defined by graduating from College and getting a degree. Those of us who chose to go to college away from home are taking a huge risk and testing our ability to be away from our safety zone. Many teenagers don’t realize that it’s a whole new world and they may not be ready to embrace it all at once. Even I often find myself a bit overwhelmed by all the new things I must adapt to. In high school, teachers and counselors were there to guide you, as high school classes are typically smaller than the entering freshman class. It’s a lot harder to get the personalized attention that you’ve been used to and that could turn people off quickly. Sometimes high school doesn’t really prepare students for college because they never get a realistic view of life. Even in high school you’re sheltered and teachers constantly remind you of assignments. Professors won’t waste their time reminding a student of their assignments. You receive a syllabus and they expect you to be aware of all the readings and upcoming assignments. Many turn to the social scene when work is too hard. Eleanor Roosevelt once said,† With freedom comes responsibility. † Some students have lack of self control and have difficulty balancing work and fun. They get stressed out in class and decide to just go out and party instead of doing their homework. Without a college degree it’s hard find a well paying job. During our parents generation it was probably easier to find a job whether you had a high school degree or not. Now those with just high school degrees are lucky to find jobs at fast food restaurants. Times are changing and for the better but the number of college dropouts is still on the rise. A variety of causes lead to the effects of college dropouts. These causes range from internal conflicts within the student to external causes that they can not control. A college degree is very necessary and could determine whether or not a student will be able to support themselves and their future family. I contemplated withdrawing my first few weeks of college because of personal problems. I found it difficult to concentrate in class because of all the things that were going on. I started talking to a counselor and if it wasn’t for him I would have given up those first two weeks. He told me that giving up now was a waste of my life because I’d been in â€Å"training† my whole life for this higher education. I’m glad that I decided to stay and one day when my children attended college I will be understanding of all the things that could cause a student to want to drop out.

Nature of Morality Essay

Moral Issues in Business Chapter One The Nature of Morality Terminology †¢ What is ethics? †¢ The study of right and wrong †¢ Distinguish between ethics and morality? †¢ Some people distinguish between the two. We will use them interchangeably. †¢ What is business ethics? †¢ The study of what constitutes right and wrong, or good and bad, human conduct in a business context. Non-Moral Standards †¢ Characteristics of moral standards †¢ Concern behavior that is of serious consequence to human welfare †¢ Take priority over other standards, including self-interest †¢ Their soundness depends on the adequacy of the reasons that support or justify them. †¢ Moral Standards vs. Etiquette Rules for socially acceptable behavior are not moral standards Don’t eat with your mouth full. Say please and thank you. †¢ Moral Standards vs. Law An action can be moral but not legal. An action can be legal but not moral. †¢ Moral Standards vs. Professional Codes of Ethics Rules that govern the conduct of members of a given profession. Sources Of Moral Standards †¢ Societal norms-Ethical Relativism The right thing to do is what one’s culture says is right. This keeps culture stagnant – no moral growth It leaves no basis for one culture to pass judgment on another’s actions One’s culture is hard to identify in the modern world. †¢ Role of religion—positive and negative Nearly every religion has a version of the â€Å"Golden Rule† Most theologians disagree with divine command theory. That theory says that something is right or wrong because God says so. Instead, God commands what is right and forbids what is wrong. Saying that something is right because God says so is not persuasive to the atheist. There are differences of opinion about what God commands. The Context of Business Ethics †¢ Business as a game Soccer and pizza party example †¢ Business values in tension with personal values What is my responsibility as an employee? As a person? Social pressures can make it hard to stick with our moral rules. Corporations can bring pressure to bear against our personal values. †¢ Organizational conformity—herd instinct—group norms Being a member of a team can require that people relinquish some of their personal freedom in order to further organization goals. Psychological studies show that people will change their answers to questions to agree with the majority. Groupthink – group members may have the illusion that the group is invulnerable or that because the group is good or right, whatever it does is permissible. Diffusion of Responsibility â€Å"I’m just doing my job†. â€Å"If I don’t do it, someone else will. † â€Å"It’s someone else’s responsibility. † (The Kitty Genovese story) How do Moral Principles Help Us? †¢ The Limits of Conscience Conscience often reflects principles that have not been critically examined. Terrible crimes have occasionally been committed in the name of conscience. †¢ Moral Principles and Self-interest Morality serves to restrain our purely self-interested desires so we can all live together in society Having a moral principle involves having a desire to follow the principle for its own sake Paradox of Selfishness – People who are exclusively concerned with their own interests tend to have less happy and less satisfying lives than those whose desires extend beyond themselves. †¢

The Advantages and the Disadvantages of Being Female

The advantages and the disadvantages of being female. Today ,be female could be advantageous yet could command some disadvantages ranging from the way one thinks , talk , the way people appreciate and consider you . The pains one may feel physically , spiritually and emotionally. Being female in a world which is continuously changing and demanding could be very difficult at times and very easy in some cases . The advantage of being female includes a lot of things. Females have a wonderful self support system .There are a number of things female do to pick them selves up again that men don ‘t have the privilege of doing. Also exists a number of pampering techniques that women use in putting themselves back together especially those who like to be spoilt could simply pick themselves up again by making a call to several close friends who will be at the door fully armed with sympathy , chocolate and even more quicker than you say so what your evening like. Women are more tuned to e motions than men and find it easier to express themselves .While most men wouldn ‘t be caught dead crying in public , let alone in front of their partners. Women will find a number reasons to burst into tears be it out of frustrations or for emotional reasons . But one aspect of crying men haven ‘t discovered or mastered is that in an argumentative situation , it can be used as a tool to get your way out or to prove a point but case that all effect fails try turning out the water works. A definite advantage of been female is the option to wear make up which really comes in handy.When you are having an off day ,Make up can serve two purposes:It can enhance a woman ‘s natural beauty or it can disguise those occasional flaws in the skin or the after effects of last nights partying. Women unfortunately have to suffer and endure the uncomfortable and often painful experience of having periods and with that ,there are associated emotions and mood swings . A clear disadva ntage over males some may say,but I think it could be also perceived as an advantage. Women unlike men have an excuse to be cranky,unreasonable or even impossible at times an occasionally they milk it for its worth.Just by being female she automatically has a reason for being irritable. Disadvantages are too numerous,frequently you hear men say it ‘s a mans world ‘ really it is a world dominated by men. Even when women get married the men seem to dominate all activities of the family. Even in the larger society men dominate in working sectors and so on. Most frequently women are sexually blackmailed for favors especially for employment purposes. While the men never receive such harassments. Despite the appearances that women are gaining in their options, their status has remained unchanged.This is because society still clings to traditional conventions in which women are supposed to stay inside the home. Furthermore, young women are expected to maintain harmony among the ir group at home or in the office by suppressing their individual personalities. To get out of this setup is difficult because daily life is so deeply immersed in such conventions. It is not as if men do not have they own disadvantages or advantages it is just that women constitute the greatest part of attraction on earth They simply make life interesting. Joana Nano III C

Summary of 3 topics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Summary of 3 topics - Essay Example It is supported by the claim of providing the examples and practical elementary facts related to how the established forces and agents of the American automobile industry played their roles in reducing the spectrum and scope of electric car and in return led to its subsequent failure. The cause and claim for developing electric car gained impetus and demand in the early 1990s when people demanded introduction of the new form of automobiles that would not add to the already threatened environment and the constraints that are faced by it. Owing to the public demand and the requirements the director of the movie Chris Paine undertook the investigative strategy and study in bid to expose all the ingredients and factors that did not let it flourish. A certain segment and monopoly has been said to be responsible for the non flourishing of the possible solution to the global oil consumption, global environment threats and other costs and economic considerations and constraints subjected with the usage of the fuel supported automobiles that are largely in place at present. The movie in the form of documentary and given an account of the ground facts that dominate and dictate the terms of the modern day automobile industries as well as the factors that are impeding the growth and introduction of the electric cars. The director of the movie has invested considerable research into the movie with aims of providing the customers with the real objectives and reasons why the technology could not flourish. The documentary made quite a stir with regard to its subject and the message conveyed through it. The directional features and other angles of the good movie making and the essentials required for a movie are fulfilled and based on this the move has won number of awards in terms of the critics and directional specialties. The movie rightly points out to the objects and the leads in the modern day that are obstructing the growth of this technology

Sovereign Funds Investment in Qatar and Dubai Term Paper

Sovereign Funds Investment in Qatar and Dubai - Term Paper Example Due to SWFs importance gained in the recent times many researches are being conducted in order to deal with the concerns and problems identified in its current position and in the expected growth that is to occur in future. Sovereign Wealth Funds (SWFs) and Investment: Sovereign funds investment is a government owned and controlled investment fund. Such an investment fund is called Sovereign Wealth fund (SWFs). There is no one accepted definition of SWFs; however these funds are usually funded by fiscal (government) surpluses or foreign exchange reserves. The sources of foreign exchange reserves could be profit and surpluses from exports of commodities and other means like investment in international markets. Government is involved in various revenues generation activities, the revenue obtained can be invested within the country or sometimes it is invested in foreign countries. The investment of these funds is put up in foreign financial assets like stocks and bonds of different inte rnational companies. (Truman, Edwin.M. 2010) Establishment of Sovereign Wealth Funds in Qatar and Dubai: About 60% of the SWFs were formed after 2004 when the oil and gas sector faced a sudden boom and the countries involved in exports of these commodities piled up large reserves of foreign exchange. ... Qatar’s SWF is known as ‘Qatar Investment Authority’, established in 2005; while Dubai’s SWF is called â€Å"Investment Corporation of Dubai†, established in 2006. The total funds of Qatar Investment Authority and Investment Corporation of Dubai are 70 and 82 billion dollars respectively in 2009-2010. (Truman, Edwin.M. 2010) Structure of Sovereign Wealth Funds in Qatar and Dubai: The Persian Gulf countries dominate global SWFs. UAE, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, and Qatar combined accounts for more than half of the world’s assets. Researches show that regardless of countries have a current account deficit or surplus, SWFs are generally associated with countries involved in exports of oil, gas and natural resources and have piled up large foreign exchanges due to these exports. Qatar and Dubai invest most of its foreign exchange reserves directly in SWFs international assets and therefore do not have large reported foreign exchange reserves. These coun tries buy dollars and invest in SWFs internationally rather letting their exchange rate appreciates. Oil sales being dollar- denominated has made it easier for the gulf countries. This leads to drop in the value of dollar due to excessive dollars in the market which results in preserving the value of SWFs when expressed in local currency terms. In 2008 UAE reported US$ 751 billion in its SWF international assets and only US$ 32 billion as foreign exchange reserve while Qatar showed US$ 70 billion in its SWF international assets and only US$ 10 billion as foreign exchange reserve which showed their positions relatively low on foreign exchange to GDP ratio in comparison with countries which reports large amount of

English Composition Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

English Composition - Essay Example Now I understand that gay marriages are to be considered an essential human rights issue. It could raise the social statues and economic stability of the sexual minority of gays and lesbians. The civil rights aspect of it stems from the question of equality for all individuals. Homosexuals have to be treated on an equal basis in the socio-cultural sphere, and be provided equal opportunities to participate in all possible areas of public domain. The narrow-minded arguments against it by religious sects and homophobes have to be addressed and disproved so as to defend the basic rights of homosexuals. One may need to redefine the parameters of family structure to accommodate gay marriages, but that will only strengthen the possibilities of tackling the issues of dissent in the general social structure. A few of the controversial issues related to gay marriages have to be addressed and analyzed to make this view clear. The real reasons behind the arguments against gay marriages go deeper to the levels of ignorance and lack of proper understanding among human beings. Many are misinformed regarding the nature of gay relationships and consider it as something entirely different from heterosexual relationships. Gay relationships are often perceived to be all about sex, but that is hardly the issue. The reality is that homosexuality is based on mutual attraction, love and affection, very much like in the case of heterosexuality. If the commonly held misconceptions regarding gay relationships can be eradicated, the prospect of gay marriages can be understood clearly. The false presumption that a marriage can take place only between a man and woman has to be uprooted. Nor does one have to fall for the argument that the basic purpose of marriage is procreation. The element of immorality attached to gay relationships is also

Police Brutality Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Police Brutality - Research Paper Example The brutality can be in verbal form where abuses and intimidation is used or even through actions. The task of police should be to maintain law and order, but surprisingly, they involve themselves in actions that defy their responsibilities. Police more often injure arrestees after they handcuff them or even when they are at the police cells or remand. Many arrestees complain of being hurt by police officers after complying with their orders. Rogue police hit, kick, or even punch arrestees leaving them with a lot of injuries and mental torture (Elicker, 2008). At times, police use excess power when arresting people who are not resistant to the police. Only such power fit to resistant and stubborn suspects but not people who are willing to comply. Some police officers use chock holds when arresting people, which is extremely intimidating and demeaning way of handling suspects since they have their human rights till proven guilty. Some police officers go to extend of hitting arrestees and other criminal suspects with harmful and dangerous instruments like guns. This exposes the victims to permanent or short-term effects. Many police brutality victims suffer brain injuries, body deformities, and spinal cord injuries while others die (Pinizzotto et al., 2012). Some police officers perceive use of electrical shock devices as a convenient way of inducing arrest of suspects. They target getting control of the arrestee without considering the effect of the shock to the individual. Consequently, many arrestees suffer from heart attacks and other personal injuries because of the electrical shock exposed to them. Through law, police officers should use guns at the last case situation, but contrary, police shootings and killings are increasing on a daily basis. As a result, many deaths result from shooting misidentified individuals, and bystanders (Fox, 2011). Due to the high numbers of firing guns, chances of stray bullets are also high. Therefore, the number of deaths of innocent people has increased. At times, police officers use a squad car to chase after a suspect. This racing event can result to an accident, which may cause deaths or even personal injuries to the suspect and the police officers. The reckless driving of a squad car can also pose a danger to pedestrians and other road users. Police officers also expose citizens to brutality by conducting illegal searches and seizures. Generally, the law stipulates that, for a police officer to search any premise, they must present a warrant from the authorities authorizing hem to exercise the search. Unfortunately, many officers bang citizens’ houses and premises without any legal document and start their operations. In most cases if the owners demand explanations or exhibit resistance, they get a thorough beating or threats. Some police officers force their way to citizens’ premises and take property claiming to be under investigation. They offer minimum explanation or none at all to the owner. This is wrong since every individual has the right to posses property and get information whenever need arises. Many arrestees complain that police officers coerce them to honour up crimes they have not committed. The torture they undergo while under law enforcers, force them to plead guilty of others crimes and get the punishment while the real culprits go unpunished. This is not right because it exposes innocent person to a lot of mental torture and physical

The Fairer Sex Video Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Fairer Sex Video - Assignment Example On the contrary, when Chris came for the same car, he was told it cost 9200 hundred dollars. Surprisingly, when he asked for the road test, the car dealer did not hesitate but gave him the car to drive by himself. The final price for the car had depreciated to 8900 hundred dollars. It is evident that gender bias has taken central position in certain businesses, and women are the ones mostly falling victims. At the golf club, Julie was denied a chance to book for a convenient time to play golf. She was being persuaded to book during odd hours; whereas, Chris was able to get two bookings reservation at convenient hours even after coming late. Income inequity is also influenced by gender bias. This is evident based on the research whereby ladies are offered low position jobs and charged highly for services. For instance, when Julie went for the job interview, she was intimidated with questions about her boyfriend instead of keeping the conversation professional. In addition, she was offered a secretary job, instead of the managerial work she had applied. The second instance is when Julie went to buy a motor vehicle. The shop attendant named a hefty price just because the customer was a lady. When Chris went for the same car, he was offered a much lower price. This evidently shows how women are charged highly for certain services. Discrimination can be eliminated through enactment of laws that majorly aim at protecting victims. This can be seconded by encouraging/educating people not to tolerate or entertain gender bias. It will be worthwhile for the managers to make gender biasness a business issue. The qualified women should be considered over men with less qualification. The hiring systems should also be changed. Qualifications come with ambition and dedication to the work. Most women are often ambitious because they have what it

FDIC takes the Banks back Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

FDIC takes the Banks back - Research Paper Example The following brief discussion will focus on the FDIC and its second mission, to reduce the economic disruptions caused by bank failures. Specifically, the role of the FDIC in the recent spate of bank closures will be examined. In conclusion the FDICs intervention in the bank failures will be critically analyzed to determine its impacts, or lack thereof, on the American economy during the recent economic crisis popularly known as the Great Recession. Written in the 1980s the FDIC official history described American banks as â€Å"more closely regulated than in any other nation.† (â€Å"The First Fifty Years†) In the quarter century since that volume was written the situation changed significantly. American banks underwent a comprehensive process of deregulation that climaxed during the former Republican administration. In 2007 Philip E Strahan summarized the effects of more than a decade of deregulation: â€Å"Interest rate ceilings on deposits were phased out in the early 1980s; state usury laws have been weakened because banks may now lend anywhere; and limits to banks’ ability to engage in other financial activities have been almost completely eliminated, as have restrictions on the geographical scope of banking.† He also praised the positive impacts of deregulation. It â€Å"allowed banks to offer better services to their customers at lower prices. As a result, the real economy—Main Street as it were—seems to have benefited† and â€Å"Overall economic growth accelerated following deregulation.† (Strahan, 2007) Strahan was a firm proponent of the stimulative effect of banking deregulation. He also saw its benefits being distributed throughout society and including, notably, Main Street. When Strahans remarks were published in the influential, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Reviews July/August issue in 2007.

Religion in Society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Religion in Society - Essay Example It is important to note however, that the sociology of religion should not be confused with the philosophy of religion as the latter does not look into the claims of religious beliefs. Since not all religions are the same, one will always find religion in some way, shape, or form even in the most primitive of human societies. It is become of these various forms of religion that sociologists have recognized the need to study its relation to the development of our society in general (Crossman, Ashley, â€Å"Sociology of Religion†). Therefore when one speaks of the study of the sociology of religion, he means the study of the religion as a belief and social institution. The study of religion in relation to our society is quite important because religion is not merely an individualized belief system, it is one of the oldest standing social institutions around. It is a method that helps shapes the society that we live in by offering a specific social pattern for those with the same beliefs to follow. The reason that these people follow specific teachings and learning from the religion is because religion seeks to answer some questions that man has about his existence and his role in society. It is this gray area of religion that has sociologists asking questions about it. Questions such as (Crossman, Ashley, â€Å"Sociology of Religion†): How are religious beliefs and factors related to other social factors like race, age, gender, and education? How are religious institutions organized? How does religion affect social change? What influence does religion have on other social institutions, such as political or educational institutions? By understanding how religion has a direct effect on our society, sociologists can further understand the mindset of a society that is based upon a belief system that varies far and wide in relation to its population. They come to unravel the secrets of human society in relation to religious beliefs and organizations that manages to influence social change when necessary. However, unlike regular sociology, religious sociologists do not use mathematical or statistical data for their interpretation. Rather, they base their studies upon interviews with religion members, organizational leaders, and observation of vari ous religious services. Due to the many choices afforded to individuals in terms of religious freedom, it is important to understand the individual rational behind a person's choice of religion. This freedom of choice is believed to be based upon the Rational Choice Theory. By definition, the rational choice theory is based upon the belief that (Hak, Durk H. â€Å"Rational Choice Theory†): Scientific (macro)problems have to be solved at the level of individuals (acting purposively). The hard core consists of an empirical generalization—some would say axiom—stating that individuals choose the most efficient means as they perceive them for the attainment of their goals. Individuals, because of human nature, make a rational trade-off between costs and profits. Costs and rewards are both material and immaterial, and also are personal and situational. In relation to religion, the rational choice theory is a highly and heatedly debatable topic. This is because religio us point of views pertaining to the rational choice theory need to leave room for personal preferences and individual choices (Hak, Durk H. â€Å"Rational Choice Theory†). With religion viewed as a system of compensating for the shortcomings of people, the rational

Culture and Healthcare in America Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Culture and Healthcare in America - Essay Example According to Loraine Magda (2007) "From academia to the applied sciences, medicine, law and politics, Western society operates from a paradigm firmly based on materialism with grave skepticism, and unless proven true by science, becomes relegated to the wasteland of wishful thinking." Most scientists believe that science starts with basic questions and as they try to answer, and develops the answers, it leads to further questions. When students are taught on this basic belief they ignore the interplay of science with society, and such training tends to obscure connection between science and society. Thomas Kuhn says "to acquire the status of a paradigm, a scientific achievement must offer sufficiently convincing resolutions of previously recognized problemsmust also have enough unresolved problems to provide the puzzles for subsequent research practice within the research tradition it comes to define" (Marshall1998).

Lady Anne Essay Example for Free

Lady Anne Essay In Richard the third, there are many different female characters that are put in contrast to men. The audience is aware of their presence and effect on the men in the play. In this essay the four main female characters will have a character analysis and viewing scenes when women overcome men or either the men make them look vulnerable. The traditional view of men was that they were Dominant, strong, brave, owner and Lord of all that he possessed. The traditional view of women was the object of possession, weak, obedient and homely. They were taught to stay at home, cook for the husband and bring up the children, also to generally do everything in her power to look beautiful for her husband. Men were expected to go out and work, to bring in money to bring up his family, to treat his wife as he saw fit and to be the master of the house. Shakespeares time is actually different to Richard the thirds time, however the view on women is still the same. However, ironically some of the strongest monarchs that England has seen have been women. This shows that although times change, women can still prove to be just as strong as the men. Such as, Bodica who lead her Viking troops into war and defeated the Romans many times. Elizabeth the first was also a very strong monarch in Shakespeares time. That time was a patriarchal society, so men, who could influence the characters in Richard the third, dominated it. Women are seen as the victims. However, the longest reigning monarch is Victoria who reigned for 60 years. This demonstrates long life, strength in war and battle, and also strength of mind in many situations. Shakespeares female characters have been demonstrated as weak. Such as Lady Macbeth. When she knows she has to murder another human, she calls unsex me now, which would demonstrate her needing to lose her traditional feminine self and caring characteristics to enable her to do such a deed. She has been subverted to the patriarchal society. Another female character that Shakespeares written of, is Hero in Much ado about nothing. She plays a weak character that the male villains set up a plot against her in front of her betrothed and other male witnesses. The plot is then announced in front of her whole family and household. She is disgraced and Claudio will not marry her. In order to prove her innocence, she has to deceive all of her household until her innocence is found when she can truly step back into society. However, a very strong character is shown in the same play. Beatrice is a strong minded, outspoken and somewhat swaggering. Especially in her responses when Benedict challenges her, a male character that mirrors her perfectly. If the play were not set in such a loving family environment, she would not be accepted as an honorable wife or possession. How the story ends is her strong character is just a front, and she loses it when she falls in love with her reflective character, as she does not feel threatened anymore. In Richard the third, there are many female characters that reflect Shakespeares views on females. The first character analysis is of Lady Anne: She is a woman in control and shows this in the first sexual scene when Richard seduces her. She is shown up at first as weak. She is walking behind the coffin of her dead father; this shows that the strong male in her life is no longer there to support her. She is also in mourning and very vulnerable as she could be bewildered about her emotions. Richard knows this and so he makes sure it is used to his advantage. Everything he says to try and woe her though, she throws back at him. Line 50 Act 1 scene2 Foul devil [ ] trouble us not and on Line 70 villain, [ ] no beast so fierce. These are insults thrown at Richard to make it seem like she does not care for his compliments and this male character will not knock her down. She represents female characters as strong in this scene, even if it is just a front to protect her from the exposed position she finds herself in. However, Richard always replies with a compliment in order to woe her and targets her vanity. This works and she shows that she is helpless when she is flattered by comments like Line 49 act 1 scene 2 Sweet saint [ ] be not so curst. Here, Richard is deluding her whilst aiming at her weakness as he does with each of his victims in different ways. The significance that she is a woman is important because it demonstrates her as being a specific target that he is weakening.

HM and its communication strategy

HM and its communication strategy The characteristics of the corporate communication of an organisation depend upon the standards and the structure of market it is competing with. This report provides a critical analysis of HMs Corporate Communication Strategy taking different frameworks and models into consideration and successfully applying it on the organisation. Today HM has about 2206 stores widespread over 38 countries all over the globe. So it becomes really very significant for the organisation to have an efficient communication strategy. This report portrays the efficiency of communication strategy of HM. Introduction According to Joep Cornelissen (2004, p.23) Corporate communication is a management function that offers a framework and vocabulary for the effective coordination of all means of communications with the overall purpose of establishing and maintaining favourable reputations and stakeholders groups upon which the organisation is dependent .In other words we can say that the Communication strategy of an organisation performs an essential role in the growth, unification and maintenance of different stakeholder groups, its Image, Reputation and Identity. Cornelissen has summarised corporate communication via historical vista. He viewed that every organisations engaged through communication with the number of groups in environment to stay economically afloat in the early 1900s. In the 20th century, the job of managing communications had been determined principally via public relations and marketing functions. But this being an intrinsically parochial approach, the contemporary figures of co mmunication management have consolidated these divisions into the extensive corporate communication function. Moreover due to the shift from inflexible to flexible market scenario and growing competitive marketplace, this jointly with the greater call from society for corporate citizenship has resulted in thrusting many organisations into stakeholder management strategies. He specified corporate communication to be the management function that has come to fulfilment in this stakeholder era and to establish and administer relationships with the stakeholder groups upon which the organisation depends economically and socially. Riel(1995,p.26) has defined Corporate Communication is an instrument of management by means of which all conscious used form of internal and external communications are harmonised as effectively and efficiently as possible, so as to create a favourable basis for the relationships with the groups upon which the company is dependent HM opened its first Hennes store in Vasteras, Sweden in 1947. At first it sells only womens clothes but in 1968 with the takeover of Mauritz Widforss, it began to sell both mens and womens clothes and the name were changed to Hennes and Mauritz. Corporate Communication Strategy of H M At present HM is operating in 38 countries having 2206 stores (30 Nov. 2010) with 76000 employee working on the same philosophy i.e. to provide fashion and quality at the best price. HM carry out its strategy by focusing on three main characteristics of business ((AR1 2008) :- Price: HM controls price by limiting middlemen, buying in outsized quantity and appropriate merchandise and sustaining effectual distributing process. Design: The designing of the products is done in-house and production is totally outsourced. Quality: Main focus is on superiority with widespread testing and warranting less environmental harm. The Corporate Communication strategy of HM can also be well explained by The total communication domain model by Aberg, L., (1990). The model looks like a wheel having four sections:- 1 Support of Core Operating:- HM most valued assets are its employers working in the organisation which could be well understood by the statement issued by its CEO. He said that it is only its employee who makes its corporate strategy possible. He stated that HM delegate a lot of corporate responsibility on its employers and they boost people to take own steps and initiatives. (AR1, 2008) 2 Profiling HM arrange a seminar both at home and abroad in order to understand various cultures, arrange exhibitions and inspires employees to study fashion magazines, watch movies and many more things. 3 Informing HM informs the stakeholders about the rectifications of internal as well as external information regarding the activities. 4 Socialising HM cheers its employees of various ethnic groups to work collectively and to gain experience and acquaintance from one and all. image002 External and Internal Communication External communication is the method of information outside the organisation. Bovee and Thill, 2005 The external communication links the organisation with the outside world of customers, suppliers and investors. HM use the following model for the effective external communication. HM conveys all the newly made products to the customers by the medium of Newspapers, Magazines, and Websites etc. HM dont have any industries but it works with 800 suppliers and around 2700 production units. HM keeps transparency by publishing monthly, quarterly, half yearly and annually the financial reports. It organises general meetings annually. Customers Suppliers Investors HM Stakeholders Environment and Community Internal Communication is a method by which the exchange of information takes place within an organisation. Every employee of an organisation is it the director or a small employee has some information that needs to send both internally and externally. The internal communication system has transformed to downward, upward, horizontal and diagonal communication from the downward communication. HM everyone is approachable to one another and that clearly shows that everyone has got equal status in HM. This is known as Lateral or Horizontal Communication. HMs Internal Communication model can be explained by using Evan,1990 model. Corporate Identity, Image and Reputation:- Corporate identity is described as the tangible manifestation of the personality of a company. (Gregory and Weichmann, 1999, p.64) has defined Corporate Identity to be a visual statement of who and what a company is. The Berkigt and Stadler model of corporate identity (Cornelissen, 2nd edition, p.67) explains the HMs corporate identity. The model illustrates HMs organisational culture, its mission, vision and how it wants to be recognised as by the stakeholder groups outside organisation. The HM communication aspires to assemble the brand in the long and the short term as well as communicating its offer. Costumers should be acquainted with what HM stands for, i.e. Fashion and Quality at best price. HM do a lot of heavy marketing of its diverse products to attract its targeted audiences and convey them what HM stands for. C:Users21119444AppDataLocalMicrosoftWindowsTemporary Internet FilesContent.IE5BUHE4KG2p%20001[1].jpg The Birkigt and Stadler model of corporate identity According to Dowling, 1986, Corporate Image can be defined as a set of meaning by which an object is known and through which people describe, remember and relate to it as a result of interaction of a persons beliefs, ideas, feelings and impression about an object. The corporate image of HM can be explained by applying the corporate image model of Dowling. HM provides its employees an open door policy in order to put forward any work related issues to the management HM consider open and constructive dialogue with the trade unions as an essential aspect and it has a positive experience of it. Examples include its agreement with Union Network International and European Works Council (AR1, 2008). HM gives key focus on skill development of its employees by providing training on customer service, CSR, garment handling etc. (HM, CSR, 2008, p.47). Formal Communication Policies Employees image of the company External group image of company Organizational culture External interpersonal communication Previous product experience Support by the members of distribution channel Marketing media communication According to Balmer, 2001 Corporate Reputation is enduring perception held of an organisation by an individual, group or network. HM uses its brand image and reputation for taking advantage over its competitors and to satisfy the different stakeholders. Internal- The Role of HR and corporate communication It is always seen that the work of role of HR is never given much prominence in wider communication strategies. HR departments are mostly excluded from the spheres of departments of communications. HM is operating its business in 38 countries and their staffs come from culturally widespread background. Whenever HM opens any new store anywhere, it employs the local staff. Right form the process of recruitment to the process of rotating jobs, rewarding employees, developing guidelines etc, HR plays an important role. Turner (2003, p20) has given a model that links HRM with performance. Here the author has suggested good communication to attach the HR policies and HR strategies. For the HR practises the author has suggested effective management of people to the line managers and for performance he has suggested effective communication of good people practise which is quite important for HM which is a big MNC. Role of technology in corporate communication:- Oliver (1997, p128) has given a communication framework related to the IT technology. The framework shows the cultural values and beliefs aligned with the vision of the organisation. He has put forward a model which is designed by Goldberg and Sifonis named as Communication Framework which depends on hypothesis of management taken on intuitive ground and should be imparted using internal and external stakeholders. HM is using smart technology like semacode bar through their mobile phones so that they can products shown in the advertisements instantly. It is an outstanding utilization of the technology. Culture and its influence in corporate communication The culture clarifies the models of hypothesis and behavioural statements by humans for their environment whether it is a state, a local community, a market or an industry. No doubt a firm render guidelines, hand-outs and norms in the indigenous language but still it requires more than just the translation. To tackle it HM chose and recruit present and future employees on the basis of culture where it is operating. This help in creating organisational culture in HM which in turn helps in efficient management, inspires employees for effective teamwork and provides opportunities to them for growth. HM venerates the local customs. HM has a task oriented culture. It pays much emphasis on local recruitment so as to fit in the countries organisational culture. Think globally and Act locally is the success reason for HM or we can say HM is Glocal. Determinants of Effective Communication of HM can be demonstrated as (Linda Beamer, Iris varner 2001 p,351):- 1 HM trains Employees at different level so as to enhance their intercultural business communication skills. 2 HM send top employees to foreign subsidiaries which is more productive. 3 HM starts training employees from the age above 16. This means the employees are more flexible and easy to afford. 4HM carefully looks for employees not just with the technical skills but also the one who can fit in the culture and stimulating frameworks. 5 More important, HM creates an atmosphere where the employees much freedom to express, speak and be open minded. Determinants of Effectiveness of Message Conclusion . The various Frameworks, the models and the Approaches shows the advantages and the disadvantages which depends on the organisation on which these frameworks and models are applied. HM functions in a very high competitive environment. HM enjoys outstanding corporate identity, image and reputation. The various frameworks and models used evaluates the effectiveness of HMs communication policies and its communication internally and externally. They also reflects the comprehension of the various communication policies and reflects the requirement for efficient communication in modern era. HM is using latest technology for its effective corporate communication. HM is a glocal brand that works globally but acts locally. To conclude wecan say that HM has a very effective operational communication model to administer near about 76000 employees from 38 countries working in 2206 stores.

Types Of Computer Typology Computer Science Essay

Types Of Computer Typology Computer Science Essay Computers that function alone without a connect to another computer called a stand-alone. Network is a way of connecting one computer to another computer using the cable and network card, and controlled through a network operating system. The user can exchange data or programs, and to use the data or programs together in the same time. If one computer to crash, its work could be taken over by another computer. Network topology refers to how computers are connected in the mapping. Network topology is divided into two types physical topology and logical topology. Physical topology of a network refers to configuration available on cable, computers and other peripherals. Logical topology is also the method used to transfer information or information on a computer maintained between one other computers in the workstation. Here are there some types of topologies which are Bus network, Star network, Ring network and Tree network. MAIN BODY  ¿Ã‚ ½Network topology is the layout pattern of interconnections of the various elements links, nodes, etc.of a computer network.Network topologies may be physical or logical. Physical topology means the physical design of a network including the devices, location and cable installation ¿Ã‚ ½ [2]. Bus topology, also known as Ethernet using a line length in which each node in relation to that. ¿Ã‚ ½ A bus topology uses a linear segment of cable to connect all network devices. Devices typically connect to the bus the cable through T-connectors ¿Ã‚ ½ [4].Data will be sent by each node in the hope that it does not collide with data transmitted from other nodes. If it happens, the node will try again until successful. The weakness of this bus topology in terms of maintenance. It is quite difficult to maintain because the connection is in serial form. If something went wrong on any line at any node, it will cause the entire system will not work. In addition to accurately detect nod al points or damaged. Each node can be connected to the network and can also be removed at any time without affecting the whole system directly. Furthermore, if one node does not work it would not affect other computer networks. Another advantage is there in this topology is that it uses a single cable and requires no additional hardware for establishing networks. But it does not require a very high cost for maintenance purposes. Excess computer or other devices are easily connected to the main cable. Requires a smaller quantity of cable than the star topology. The disadvantages of this topology are the entire network can not function if there are problems with the main cable. Finish line or device terminators are required on both ends of the cable backbone. It is difficult to detect if the entire network does not work. Not suitable if only the topology is only within a building. Star topology is a network system in which all the computers or other devices may be connected to a central distribution system known as the Hub or Switch. Hub or Switch is responsible for managing the computer network. All messages or data that is sent to a central control hub for avoid collisions from happening. There are two operations that used by the hub or switch that is operating broadcast and the shift operation switching. The distribution operations, hub or switch will make the transmission of data received from one station to all the routes connecting them. In the transition operation, the hub or switch will store the data received and sent data via the receiving station route. Each node can be connected to the network and can also be removed at any time without affecting the whole system of directly. Furthermore, if one node does not work, it also will not affect other computer networks. Any damage to the connection between the hub nodes will not affect the overall system, but if the damage occurred at the hub, the entire system will also be affected. The main drawback of this topology is that it requires a fairly high cost in view of all systems connected to it computers, scanners, printers, and many more requires a separate cable. Advantages of star topology are the installation and connection tools. The process of installing or removing any additional devices that are involved will not interfere with the network system. Any damage to the network system can be detected more easily and quickly. The disadvantages of this topology is requires more cable length than a linear bus topology. If the hub is damaged, all the nodes can not function in the network system. Higher costs when compared to linear bus topology Ring topology or a ring connecting all nodes such as a circular chain ring. Messages or data to be transferred in order according to the same route in the same ring. Each data node will be checked by delivery location. If not equal to the node through which it passes, it will be submitted to the next node and this will continue until the delivery address the same node strike. Since the data is transferred by the same route in the sequence, the possibility for data breaches seem to be similar to the network and can also be removed at any time without affecting the whole system of directly. But one problem is that if one node fails, the whole network system may be similarly affected. The composition of the nodes in this topology is almost the same physically as the star topology, logically is just a ring-shaped. The attachment is required in this topology is called Multi Station Access Unit (MSAU). MSAU is mounted in a ring-shaped network where it is more than one unit. If only one uni t only used the physical topology is similar to the star connection. The advantages of this topology are cable fault are easily located making trouble shooting easier. Ring networks are moderately easy to install. The disadvantages are expansion to the network can cause network disruption. A single break in the cable can disrupt three entire networks. Among all the network topology we can find that the tree topology is a combination of bus and Star Topology. The tree like structure allows you to have multiple servers in the network and you can branch network in many ways. This is especially useful for colleges, universities and schools so that each branch to identify the relevant system within their own network and not connected to a large network in several ways. Tree structure most appropriate when the network is widespread and highly divided into many branches. As with other topologies, tree topologies have advantages and disadvantages. Tree networks may not be suitable to small networks and cable may be a waste to use it for a small network. Tree Topology has some limitations and the limitations of the configuration should be appropriate. The advantages of this topology are Tree topology is supported by many vendors and even advertising network hardware vendor. Point A to point connections is possible with the Tree Networks. All computers have access to their network larger and more immediate. The best topology for the branch network. Tree Topology Limitations in a long-range network topology depends on the type of cable being used. Tree Network Topology is completely dependent on the stem, which is the main backbone of the network. If that fails then the entire network will fail because the network topology is difficult to provide a large tree and can get complicated after a certain point. This tree topology to follow a hierarchical pattern in which each stage is connected to the next higher level in symmetrical patterns. Each level in the hierarchy to follow a certain pattern in the connecting node. As the top level may be only one node or two nodes below the level of the hierarchy and probably a few more points to work on point to point connectivity, and a third level also has a pattern of asymmetric node to node and each of these levels are associated with root level in the hierarchy . Think of tree branches in various directions and all the branches and trunk of the tree roots need to survive. A tree structured network is very similar to this and that is called the Topology Tree. The signal being sent by the root node is received by all nodes at the same time. This improves the efficiency of all network functions. Network topology tree can be updated easily work and theres no limit to how much can be renewed. Additional root node can be added and they can be interlinked in a single network. CONCLUSION In the field of information technology, network is a series of points or nodes interconnected by communication paths. Networks can link with other networks and contain subnetworks.The most common topology or general configurations of networks include bus, star, ring, symbolic, and network topologies. It can also be characterized by networks in terms of spatial distance and local area networks (LANs), metropolitan area networks (MAN) and wide area networks (WANs). Network systems and network architecture, by whether it carries voice, data, or both types of signals; that could be that those who use the network public or private, by the nature of the usual links dial-up or switch, or a custom no switched, or virtual connections and the types of physical links for example, fiber optic and coaxial cables, open and twisted pair. Phone networks and large networks using the infrastructure such as the Internet have sharing and exchange arrangements with other companies so as to create larger networks

Influence of Boethius on Troilus and Criseyde :: Troilus Criseyde Essays

Influence of Boethius on Troilus and Criseyde Around 524, the Christian philosopher Boethius awaited his death. During the last stage of his life, he composed one of the most influential writings of the Medieval period: The Consolation of Philosophy. C.S. Lewis says of the work, "To acquire a taste for it is almost to become naturalized in the Middle Ages" (Lewis 75). Over 800 years later, Geoffrey Chaucer, one of the most highly praised authors in the English language, would draw upon Boethius to compose his finest work, Troilus and Criseyde. The most important Boethian influence Chaucer extracts is the intensity of something being increased or decreased by the knowledge of its opposite. Boethius' main discussion of this concept is in books three and four deal where he deals with the problem of evil. The question at hand is, "How can evil exist in a world with an omnibenevolent and omnipotent God?" If God is all-powerful, is anything impossible for God? If God is all-good, can God commit evil? After much discussion, Boethius concludes that evil is a lack of good and those who commit evil lack something. He writes, "so it is plain that those who are capable of evil are capable of less" (Boethius 110). He continues, "Therefore the power of doing evil is no object of desire" (110). Thus "the power of doing evil" is a lack of "the power of doing good." Boethius can know what evil is only when he first realizes how to determine good. Chaucer states problem in this way: "Everything is known for what it is by its opposite"(Chaucer 14). Chaucer's main examples of this phenomenom deal with the sweetness of joy and the bitterness of suffering. First, sweetness is made sweeter when one has tasted the bitterness of suffering. "And now sweetness seems sweeter, because bitterness was experienced" (79). When one experiences extreme bitterness, the slightest fading of that suffering brings ecstasy. On the other hand, bitterness is all the more bitter when one has tasted the sweetness of delight. Pandarus says, "For of all fortune's keen adversities the worst kind of misfortune is this: for a man to have been in good times and to remember them when they're past" (86-87). If one has tasted a high degree of sweetness, a lower degree sweetness is not as satisfying. This line of thought seems to be directly from Boethius.

Alexander The Great Essay -- essays research papers

Alexander the Great is, arguably, the most famous secular figure in history. His magnetism in life was rivaled only by his magnetism in death, and the story of his career has evoked vastly different interpretations in his age and ours. Young romantic hero or megalomaniac villain? Alexander III of Macedon conquered all who stood before him, but usually in order to free the lower class. He did more to spread the Hellenistic culture than anyone before or after him. My credibility comes from much studying of his lifestyle, and analysis of many contradicting biographies. With this speech, I hope to display to you most of his feats and battles, as well as the vast quantity of folklore that surrounds his life. Alexander, was born on or around July 20, 356 BCE, in Pella. The exact date may have been created after the fact to match the date of the burning of the Temple of Artemis at Ephesus. His parents were Philip II of Macedon and Olympias, who descended from Gods according to myth. At 13, Aristotle was hired to tutor Alexander. Under Aristotle, Alexander learned philosophy, ethics, politics, and healing. The two later became estranged, due to their difference of opinion on the status of foreginers; Aristotle saw them as barbarians, while Alexander sought to merge Macedonians and foreigners. Tale of Bucephalus: At 14 Alexander surprised all including his father by mounting an untamable horse named Bucephalus. Alexander would later name a city after the site where his horse died in battle. 340 BC: Philip II traveled to Byzantium to battle rebels, leaving 16yr old Alexander in charge as Prince Regent. While away, the Maedi, a north Macedonia tribe, revolted. Alexander traveled there, put down the revolt, captured the city and renamed it Alexandropolis. At the age of 19, Philip II was assassinated. Alexander was a boy king. Cities like Athens and Thebes had pledged allegiance to Philip II, but were not sure if they wanted to do the same for a 19 year old boy. On top of that, barbarians to the north threatened to invade. Alexander drove the barbarians north of the Danube, then focused on Thebes. He marched to the city, and offered them one final chance to obey him. They refused, and he went on to march into the city and kill nearly everyone. Athens later decided to align with Alexander. 334 BC: Alexander travels to Asia Minor. He begins freeing ... ... they took the long way home, with random stops for Alexander to either conquer or debate Indian philosophers. At one of these stops, a fierce tribe, the Malli, wounded him in the ribcage severely. In 324 B.C.E., Alexander furthered his mission to assimilate Macedonian and Persian cultures when he arranged thousands of marriages between the Greek soldiers and Persian women in Susa. Alexander himself took a second wife, Stateira, one of Darius' daughters. The next year, Alexander traveled with his men to Babylon despite numerous threatening omens. The omens were so frequent and ominous that Alexander feared that he had fallen out of favor with the gods. He died of a fever on June 10, 323 BC. Though Alexander died suddenly, and at the age of 33, he left behind a tremendous legacy. Alexander spread the Hellenistic culture far and wide, providing the backbone for culture in the western hemisphere as we know it today. He paved the way for Christianity as well. From the fulfillment of the Gordian knot legend, to the dignified way he conquered countries, Alexander the Great ensured his place in history as one of, if not the greatest ruler of all time.

Crucible- Abigail Williams Essay

Due to our nature, the human race will do astonishing things in the name of love and fear. Abigail Williams in â€Å"The Crucible† is a fantastic example of this. Not only are her actions absurd to try and gain John Proctor’s whole hearted affection, who was her lover, but also to gain submission of an ample portion of Salem due to fear. A large part of the submissiveness was gained by her ability to manipulate others, especially those she knows well. She starts the fire of hatred, for witches and the townspeople, within Salem. The fuel was already there; all that was needed was the last spark to get the flame going. Abigail was this spark, created by her insatiable lust for John Proctor. She instigated the witch trials, and used the produced hysteria in an attempt at personal gain, using a step by step plan. This plan developed through the play, feeding Abigail’s ambition and power. Step 1. Manipulate the town’s girls into doing witchcraft in the woods. Abigail convinced some of the teenage girls in Salem to join her in the woods. Being unmarried teenage women in this time period, they had little to do, minimal social status, and undoubtedly yearned for adventure. There were only two people lower than them in status, and that would be Abigail and Tituba because Abigail was an orphan, and Tituba a black slave. She convinced Tituba, to sing songs from Barbados about witchcraft. Abby then persuaded Ruth Putnam to believe that Tituba would be able to conjure up the spirits of her dead siblings. If it worked then she could bring to light the mystery behind all of her dead siblings. In getting others to do it with her, she will not be the only one to be punished, therefore spreading the blame across many, and if caught the blame could be transferred to the one with the least status, the slave- relieving Abby of punishment. Step 2. Drink a potion to acquire John. While in the woods Abigail drank a charm in an attempt to kill Mrs. Proctor, which in her eyes is the only person between her and John. â€Å"You drank blood, Abby! You didn’t tell him that!† (Betty, A.1, p.1244). This quote begins to give the reader an idea of what Abigail will do to gain Proctor. It would take quite a drive for someone to willingly drink blood, and in drinking it, wish death upon another person. This was a very Puritan society, and all of her actions would be looked down upon by the townspeople. First she entered the forest (the place of the Devil), then she danced (unacceptable for women of that age), then she drank a charm of blood (not accepted by society), and lastly in drinking that charm she is wishing ill upon her ‘neighbor’ which is going against one of the Commandments. The Bible was the law at the time, and going against its foundation was disgraceful. Step 3. When discovered, blame Tituba. When Abigail is being questioned by Parris, the day after being caught, about the girls’ doings in the woods, she gives away little. She reveals â€Å"We did dance, uncle, and when you leaped out of the bush so suddenly, Betty was frightened and then she fainted. And there’s the whole of it.†(Abigail, A.1, p.1238). This sentence shows an insight to Abby’s manipulative power over Parris. Fainting from fright from being caught by her father doing an illegal activity could be an explanation for Betty’s inactivity. Abigail admits to what he saw, but makes it hard for him to push the question further when she says the finalized statement ‘there’s the whole of it’. The affirmation also denies any other doings, saying the girls are innocent. Parris then grasps at another chance to question Abby, this time about possible rumors of her in the town. She skillfully maneuvers around the interrogation, and then is saved by the entrance of Mrs . Putnam. Goody Putnam reveals her and her daughter (Ruth)’s desires to figure out what caused her children to die in infancy. Step 4. Exploit Tituba’s weaknesses, while hiding behind lies. When questioned Abigail turns the accusation to Tituba saying she was alone in conjuring the spirits of Ruth’s siblings. This brings the pressure off of Abigail and onto two other people. She can then sink into the background, becoming invisible while Parris and Hale interrogate Tituba. Tituba is the unhappy slave, with witchery songs, low status, and desiring to be free and return home. Due to this, Parris and Hale break Tituba down till she admits to contracting with the devil. In a frenzy to bring pressure off herself and avoid hanging, Tituba then goes on to state names of women in the community. Sarah Good and Goody Osburn are first. Then Abigail stands up from the shadows seizing the chance of being able to accuse people and bring the attention to her in a positive way by saying â€Å"I want the light of God, I want the sweet love of Jesus! I dance for the Devil; I saw him; I wrote in his book; I go back to Jesus; I kiss His hand. I saw Sarah Good with the Devil! I saw Goody Osburn with the Devil! I saw Bridget Bishop with the Devil!† (Abigail, A.1, p.1263). These exclamations go against what she has previously sworn, yet no one seems to notice anything besides her confession and the names she says. Abby repeated the names Tituba already said, along with another, therefore strengthening the accusations while playing on the slave’s incompetence of missing one of the people, which strengthens her own position. Step 5. Use newfound status to demolish those who oppose her. Since there are so many people being accused, the town gets an aura of being unsafe and corrupt by the Devil. This causes the accused to accuse others, from old rivalries and suddenly having a chance to comeback, or from being interrogated till they give up names, multiplying the numbers, while they also believe the accusations out of fear. Fear of being accused, of being witched, or of getting hung for disbelieving the court and the Bible. In Act II sixteen people had warrants sent out for their capture. Abigail continuously accuses people who confess, adding to her credibility. She also has fainting incidents, trances, and other public displays which she credits to others using demonic powers on her, sending the message that she is an innocent orphan being harmed by the Devil because she is standing against him. This helps her gain pity, and brings more citizens to her side. An example is when Mary Warren tries to testify against Abigail, Mercy, and Susanna. The girls exclaim that Mary has sent her spirit out in a wind to make them cold. This is proven by their exclamations. Mercy: â€Å"Mary, do you send this shadow on me?† Susanna: â€Å"I freeze, I freeze!† Abigail: â€Å"It is a wind, a wind!† Danforth: â€Å"Mary Warren, do you witch her? I say to you, do you send your spirit out?†(A.3, p.1307) Danforth’s question seems to state what the other girls were implying. This goes to show what some acting can bring upon a girl and a town. By faking a wind, the girls make Mary’s testament against them invalid, therefore increasing Abigail’s power within the court, and getting rid of another challenger. Step 6. Secure Goody Proctor as a witch using credibility established within the court. After accusing Elizabeth in Act 2 because of alleged use of poppets, Abigail has to make sure there is no way out for her. When this is done and she is hung she can finally have her love, John Proctor. The townspeople generally ignore evidence and support her claims of witchery, most likely out of fear of her power. John Proctor is one of the few willing to stand against her. After many attempts, all of which failed, John resorts to drastic measures. He admits to committing adultery. â€Å"I have made a bell of my honor! I have rung the doom of my good name- you will believe me, Mr. Danforth! My wife is innocent, except she knew a whore when she saw one!†(Proctor, A.3, p.1309) In this statement, Proctor not only admits to adultery, and tries to protect his wife; he also calls Abigail a harlot. Abigail is astounded by his reveal, and undoubtedly worked up by his language towards her. This is the point where Abby seems to realize that Proctor does not love her and that she won’t ever be with him, even if Elizabeth dies. Her plan has failed, and everything she has done was for nothing. Her astonishment turns to resentment, for she then makes no attempt to same John when he is sentenced to hang. Her only thoughts now seem to be of self preservation. She was the ring leader of the witch trials, and with them coming to the end, and no chance of being with John, her power will soon be gone. She steals her uncle’s savings then flees the city. She lost a love she never truly had, and in the process left behind a broken, manipulated town. Love and fear are two of the most influential emotions, and in â€Å"The Crucible† both are experienced firsthand through Abigail. The author, Arthur Miller, uses this to his advantage making the play and characters relatable to the audience. These universal themes are relevant at all times in history which is why the play is still shown to this day. Abigail is not only a great example of those traits, but also reflects a maniacal manipulator existing in many societies. This along with other traits makes her the most important character to the play, along with the witch trials which she helped instigate for personal gain. It’s amazing what a teenage girl in a small town can do with a few words and manipulation.

3-dimensional (3D) packaging technology Essay

Introduction 3-dimensional (3D) packaging technology is a method used to provide volumetric packaging solution in products. This technology uses the height, otherwise known as the third or z-dimension, for achieving higher levels of integration and performance in the products. 3D technology chiefly helps in the space-efficient integration of the multi-media functions in the products. The present trend among the consumers is to look out for products, having the maximum functionality in the smallest and lightest possible package. This demand for more functions in the smallest volume, calls for higher memory capacity, which in turn demands more complex and efficient architectures. In addition, the new product designs in digital handbook, cell phones, digital cameras, PDAs and music players, require that these features are integrated using innovative technical form factors and architectures. See more: Social process essay The 3D packaging in recent times has been associated with the delivering of the highest level of silicon integration and area efficiency at the lowest cost, smallest size and best performance.   This has resulted in higher growth and brought in newer applications, for the technology. This growth trend in the 3D technology can be seen since the year 1995. Prior to this, the most efficient and economic way to provide more functionality to an electronic system was to integrate all these functions onto the individual chips using the system on Chip, SOC. However, this method was becoming costlier and also less efficient, as the number of functions to be integrated in a single chip further increased. In addition, some chips that could be integrated together logically were mechanically incompatible, due to the different die materials used. The present day technologies in high density packaging have reached a very advanced stage. Now a single chip system can be very efficiently split into multiple dies, so as to provide better performance at lower manufacturing costs. Over the past few years, die stacking has emerged as a powerful packaging option for satisfying challenging IC packaging requirements. It works by integrating chips vertically in a single package. This increases the amount of silicon per unit area, which leads to a smaller package footprint, hence conserving system-board real estate. In addition, it enables shorter routing interconnects from chip to chip, speeding the signaling between them. Heterogeneous devices can also be stacked using this technology. There is an additional benefit of the simplification of surface-mount system-board assembly, due to the lesser number of components being placed on the board. Vias – Due to the increasing number of dies in a stack, the designers are facing the challenge of meeting the temperature design specification. One method to counter this is to provide a thermal path from each individual die to a substrate using thermal vias. These thermal vias can be implemented using several methods. One of the approaches is to have a thermal die that thermally connects each die to the substrate. The heat from each die is conducted rapidly from one end of the board to another, either through the die attach or the vias. Thermal vias are made of copper runs providing the a path of least thermal resistance, and so heat is transferred through the vias in a proportion much greater than the area of the vias. Usually one end of via is attached to the IC and the other end is attached to a heat sink. Thermal vias work very well with flip-chip devices. With no additional space required for the heat conduction, these are considered as a mini-thermal solution. Through Silicon Vias – Through silicon vias, TSVs, are vertical structures in between the chips that are used as an interconnection to eliminate the existing wire bonds. These allow for the shortest electrical path between two sides of wafers or die, used for 3D die-to-die, die-to-wafer, MEMS wafer level packaging. A TSV, 3-D chip stacking process hence provides a means of implementing complex, multi chip systems entirely in silicon. TSVs. By the vertical stacking of the blocks using this technology, the wire length of interconnects can significantly be reduced. Vias provide both electrical and thermal path. In this paper, the thermal enhancement realized by the vias is discussed along with trying to find out a way to remove heat from the dies. The power applied to the dies is between 5-10 watts power. We found that one such method was to use silicon dies.    Objective of the Study The methodology of the present study will be explained in detail in the next section. The study focuses on the following points: A study was made on the heat transfer enhancement of the stacked die geometry using Through Silicon vias, TSVs, on the die pad location. Different schemes were studied. The use of the TSVs to reduce the maximum junction temperature accumulated at the wafers was studied The exact placement of vias   to optimize thermal management, was done Finally, a study of the thermo-mechanical issues, which occurred when TSVs are used, was made. Methodology The figure below explains the methodology used for this study. First, the package components including the vias were created using Pro /Engineer Wildfire. After this the material property was defined and the various components were assembled. The entire geometry and the properties were then imported to Ansys workbench. Here, the Boundary conditions were defined and implemented. Finally, the end result, which is the thermal enhancement of the die geometry, was evaluated. Modeling Methodology Any device’s thermal properties can be expressed as a part of an electrical circuit diagram. If, ÃŽ ¸JA is the thermal resistance between junction, and ambience given in â„Æ'/W, then mathematically ÃŽ ¸JA can be expressed as bewlow: The geometry is created using Pro-e, as mentioned in the previous section. Here, every element should be saved in the UDF library. This is done, so as to make it possible to retrace various parts for assembly. In this assembly area, the area contact is done using the mate option, and the vertical and horizontal lines can be joined using the align option. For the analysis, a molded Ball Grid Array, BGA, stacked package has been considered. The package substrate is 9Ãâ€"9 mm in area and is 0.3 mm thick. A fully populated solder ball matrix with a ball count of 56 and a pitch of 0.8 mm is used. The stand off height after reflow is 0.2 mm. The thickness of the mold compound cap is 1.20 mm with the same dimensions as the package substrate. The diameter of the thermal vias is 0.20mm and its thickness is 0.86mm. The stacked packages have 16 vias and 9 vias. This paper compares the junction temperature of stacked dice with and without vias. Three different package architectures were modeled, viz. [a] Stacked with spacers die, [b] Rotated stack die, [b] Pyramid stack die as shown in figure. Three non-volatile dies measuring 6.4Ãâ€"4.8 mm, with a thickness of 0.2 mm, form the spacer die. Die thickness is 0.25mm in rotated die. The bottom PCB is made of a die measuring 32Ãâ€"24 mm, with a thickness of 0.6 mm. In the spacer stack die, dummy die is 5.6Ãâ€"4.0, with a thickness of 0.08mm. For this paper, solderball geometry is modeled closely approximating the real solderball. In solderball geometry, mid diameter is 0.43mm, and top and bottom diameter is 0.33mm, with a height of 0.33mm. Solderball distance is 0.8mm. These dimensions are not specific to a particular package. They are based on values found in present market for a typical molded BGA stack package. The details of the package dimensions and material properties of the components is shown in the below. Simulation and Case Studies While doing the Simulation using the Ansys workbench, the following boundary conditions need to be applied to all the faces of the modeling and to the PCB. The film coefficient is 10W/m ²  ºC and the Ambient Temperature is 50 ºC. Also a power of 0.3 W ia applied to each of the three dies. By dividing area 0.3W / 6.5Ãâ€"4.8 (Die area), we can get a heat flux as 9765 W/m ². The main physics behind the technology is providing a smooth and effective heat transfer path. Due to the high thermal conductivity of the copper i.e. the thermal vias, a proportion of the heat much greater than the surface area of the vias will be transferred. As mentioned in the section above, for the baseline simulation, an effective heat transfer coefficient of 10 W/m ²- ºC with 50 ºc ambient temperature was applied on the top of the mold cap, and the top and bottom surfaces of the circuit board. For all the three types of stacks, the result was a junction temperature of 116.2 ºC with no vias. When 9 vias were included, for the same heat transfer coefficient, the junction temperature was reduced to 111.7 ºC, results in a decrease of around 3.6% of the maximum temperature in each of the architectures. By increasing via count to 16 we got the junction temperature to 110.7 ºC effectively reducing the junction temperature by 4.49% of the maximum temperature in each of packaging. The figure below explains the proportional vector plot of heat flux in ANSYS Workbench, where the heat flow path can be seen, which densely collects at the via location. This heat flux is a negative heat flux which is flowing away from the surface and takes away energy out of the body in the form of heat Vias can also provide a means of customizing the heat transfer process for devices with a highly non-uniform power distribution. This is especially important for high density interconnects where the device has highly non-uniform power map. Test Cases There were 12 case studies conducted on the simulation test tool. As mentioned earlier, each case was tested with and without vias, and the corresponding temperature plot was drawn. In each case the maximum and minimum temperatures achieved were also noted. For one of the cases it was found that the particular test case no 11 gave a lesser temperature, in the range of 60-70 degrees. The following is a description of the 12 test cases: Case 1 – The first case consisted of the Dies showing the temperature plot at the film coefficient of 200W/m ²Ã‚ ºC. The power applied to the top die, die with vias and the bottom die was 6watts, 2watts, and 2 watts respectively. The maximum temperature achieved was 316.459  ºC and the minimum temperature was 269.908  ºC. Applying same conditions without vias gave the maximum temperature as 317.2  ºC and minimum temperature as 269.591  ºC. Case 2 – For the second case, the Boundary conditions applied were a film co-efficient of 200W/m ²Ã‚ ºc and Power of 2 watts applied equally on all the three dice. The maximum temperature achieved was 216.363  ºC and the minimum temperature was 169.568  ºC. Applying same conditions without vias gave the maximum temperature as 217.140  ºC and minimum temperature as 169.55  ºC. Case 3 – For this case, copper was used as the substrate mask and the film coefficient was 400 W/m ²c º. The maximum temperature achieved was 178.739  ºC and the minimum temperature was 144.488  ºC. Applying same conditions without vias gave the maximum temperature as 179.426  ºC and minimum temperature as 144.463  ºC. The Observation of the above results showed that the temperature difference with and without Vias was only 1 ºC. Case 4 – For this case, convection was applied on board and top die. The power applied to on top, middle and bottom dies was 4watts, 3watts, and 3watts respectively. The maximum temperature achieved was 93.775  ºC and the minimum temperature was 36.098  ºC. Applying same conditions without vias gave very slight change in the plot, the maximum temperature as 93.911  ºC and minimum temperature as 36.105  ºC. Case 5 – For this case, the Film co-efficient of 400W/m ²c º on top of the top die and 15W/m ²c º on the Pwb. Also 5watts power was applied to each of the dies. The maximum temperature achieved was 209.345  ºC and the minimum temperature was 128.857  ºC. It was seen that the minimum Temperature occurs at the top die where the vias were present. Applying same conditions without vias gave very slight change in the plot, the maximum temperature as 210.878  ºC and minimum temperature as 128.739  ºC, i.e. a drop of only 1.6  ºC was observed. Case 6 – For this case, germanium die was used, instead of silicon die. The maximum temperature achieved was 223.052  ºC and the minimum temperature was 118.468  ºC. Applying same conditions without vias gave very slight change in the plot, the maximum temperature as 225.219  ºC and minimum temperature as 118.286  ºC, i.e. a drop of 2.6  ºC in the Junction temperature was observed. Case 7 – For this case, the Film co-efficient on board was 300 W/m ²c º, the Film co-efficient on top surface was 400W/m ²Ã‚ ºc, and 5 watts power applied on both dies. The maximum temperature achieved was 119.575  ºC and the minimum temperature was 43.411  ºC. Applying same conditions without vias gave the maximum temperature as 120.076  ºC and minimum temperature as 43/504  ºC. The maximum change in Junction temperature, with and without vias was observed.0.5  ºC. Case 8 – In this case, a very high thermal conductive material has been used For the through silicon vias (ie.600 W/m ºc). The maximum temperature achieved was 119.575  ºC and the minimum temperature was 43.411  ºC. Applying same conditions without vias gave the maximum temperature as 95.315  ºC and minimum temperature as 36.347  ºC. The maximum temperature between i.e. a drop of 2.6  ºC in the Junction temperature was observed.0.5  ºC. Though high conductive vias were used there is no significant drop in the maximum temperature in the dice. Case 9 – The following case used TSVs with the application of higher power( 7 watts) on the top die than the Other two dice i.e.., 2 watts on the die with vias and 1 watt on the bottom Die. The maximum temperature achieved was 97.657  ºC and the minimum temperature was 39.063  ºC. Applying same conditions without vias gave the maximum temperature as 97.889  ºC and minimum temperature as 39.032  ºC. As seen, the TSVs made a vnegligile difference of 0.5  ºC. Case 10 – In this case, the total power on the dice was 5 watts and the power on the die with vias was 5 watts. The maximum temperature achieved was 61.754  ºC, which was the least temperature, and the minimum temperature was 29.576  ºC. Applying same conditions without vias gave the maximum temperature as 61.871  ºC and minimum temperature as 29.55  ºC. Case 11– In this case, the substrate and substrate mask thickness is drastically reduced to 0.075mm and 0.085mm. The maximum temperature achieved was 93.697  ºC and the minimum temperature was 36.079  ºC. Applying same conditions without vias gave the maximum temperature as 93.775  ºC and minimum temperature as 36.067  ºC. Case 12 – In this case, the simulation was done by applying high power of 6 watts on the top die and 2 watts each on the middle and bottom die. The maximum temperature achieved was 88.320  ºC and the minimum temperature was 35.481  ºC. Applying same conditions without vias gave the maximum temperature as 88.512  ºC and minimum temperature as 35.445  ºC. Conclusion In this paper elaborate study has been done in analyzing the effect of thermal vias on the die and ways to bring down the junction temperature by reduce count. Thermal enhancement was tested by running the thermal simulation with various test cases, and also with / without thermal vias. The Temperature profile of the entire stacked die geometry was plotted in Ansys Workbench. It was found that Thermally Through Silicon vias in this particular package did not give a significant effect on performance because of less area of vias and package construction. The use of silicon die did give a lesser temperature as compared to other materials. Future studies will focus on doing the stress analysis of this package with vias, using techniques like thermal shocks for profiling the thermal properties this package in further detail.

Causes of Hardships of Southern Sharecropping

For many people in the 1930†³s living conditions were not as adequate as they needed to be. The stock market had just crashed in 1928, and the US was in the midst of the Great Depression. Many people suffered from lack of money, and many others suffered from lack of food. One group of people who suffered greatly during this time period were the southern share croppers. Factors that caused the substandard living conditions of the southern share croppers in the 1930†³s include lack of education, poor health care, and inadequate living facilities. The first factor that caused the substandard living onditions of the southern share croppers was their lack of education. There were several reasons the share croppers didn†t get the education they needed. One main reason was because many children didn†t go to school. Harold Walker writes that Southern cotton states ranked lower in rate of attendance for each student enrolled than any of the other states in the nation (4). A factor that contributed to this was their excessive mobility, which inhibited many children from going to school (Corder 27). It is common knowledge that any child who constantly moves around will not be able to attend school on a regular basis, and even if hey go to a school when they get a chance they will be so far behind they would have a difficult time catching up. Another factor that impeded on a child†s attendance at school was the fact that they never went to school when there was cotton to be picked (Walker 8). This may not seem like a large task, but some times it could take weeks to pick all the cotton. These few weeks that a child spent picking cotton was valuable learning time, and missing it could put a child too far behind to catch up. Another reason share croppers didn†t get the education they needed was because many southern rural schools had short terms Gentry 21). Because of this teachers would not be able to cover all of the material that they needed to cover, or they would have to rush through the material they did cover. A final reason the education of the southern cotton states was not as good as other states was because their teachers were not as good. This was reflected in the fact that the salaries of Southern teachers were not as high as the salaries of other teachers (Mckeon 98). Back in the 1930†³s the higher a teacher†s salary was the higher their quality and training was (Mckeon 98). This meant that when children did go to school they did not get adequate teaching. Because of all of these reasons education of the Southern cotton states was at an all time low. The children were not getting the education they needed, so they were forced to work the substandard jobs such as sharecropping. This meant that their children would not get the education they needed, either. It was a cycle that led to the lowering of the general living conditions of southern share croppers, but lack of education was not the only factor that lowered the living conditions of the share Another reason the living conditions of the southern share croppers were so low was because they had poor health care. To egin with the tenant farmers did not eat in a healthy manner. Mckeon writes that many tenant farmers in the South said that garden vegetables, milk, butter, and eggs were never a part of their diet (116). One of the main things that they did eat was â€Å"sowbelly†, a fat salty pork (Walker 33). Because they ate so poorly it was hard for them to stay healthy. Another health concern of the tenant farmers was that their clothing was very coarse and not warm enough (Gentry 38). Many of the men wore denim overalls and the women wore cheap cotton and homemade underwear, if any at all (Gentry 38). Wearing clothing like this ould be very hard on a person during the winter months, and could easily lead to diseases such as the flu or pneumonia. These diseases were hard for the poor sharecroppers to combat because it was hard for them to afford any medication, if there were any medications at all to help them out. Another disease that plagued the southern sharecroppers was typhoid fever (Gentry 31). This disease was spread through contaminated wells and took a heavy toll on the life and energy of a person (Gentry 31). Malaria, which led to several fatalities, was also a serious problem for the tenant farmers (Corder 98). It was a major roblem for many of the unfitting men, and the men who worked long energetic hours (Corder 98). With all of these health hazards it was hard for the southern share croppers to stay healthy. To make the problem even worse there were not enough health care facilities to take care of the sick. Walker writes that in the 1930†³s there was an average of 210 persons per hospital bed in the south, while the national average was only 120 (10). This led to many overcrowded hospitals, and many times the sick had to be sent home and took care of there. The bad thing about this was that the disease could be spread around the amily, and soon around the community because there was nothing to contain it. Because of this the living conditions of the southern sharecroppers continued to decline, and it became harder and harder for them to make a better life for themselves. Another major problem many of the southern sharecroppers faced was poor housing. In many cases the houses of the southern sharecroppers were in horrid condition. Walker writes that many of the houses were huts on the verge of collapsing (17). Many of these huts were on the verge of collapsing into the water that surrounded them (Walker 4). To get to these houses surrounded by ater logs were placed in a makeshift manner, and it was very dangerous to cross (Walker 4). A misplaced foot or a slippery log could easily have led to a severe injury, or maybe even death. The surrounding water could have also been an easy place for diseases, or dangerous animals to manifest, yet creating another health problem for the tenant farmers. Houses for the southern share croppers of this time were usually only two or three rooms, which made it almost impossible for anyone to have privacy or decency (Walker 87). The close living conditions also made it easier for germs to spread, which meant that when one erson in a family got sick the rest of the family got sick along with them. The construction of these shacks that the tenant farmers lived in was also very poor. In many cases the roofs were leaky (Walker 40). In other cases the houses were never even painted, which meant that the houses were more susceptible After looking back at the way the southern sharecroppers lived it is easy to see that their way of life was well below what is considered decent. These tenant farmers were plagued with disease, they lacked a thorough education, and they lived in wretched little shacks that were well below society†s standards. Causes of Hardships of Southern Sharecropping For many people in the 1930†³s living conditions were not as adequate as they needed to be. The stock market had just crashed in 1928, and the US was in the midst of the Great Depression. Many people suffered from lack of money, and many others suffered from lack of food. One group of people who suffered greatly during this time period were the southern share croppers. Factors that caused the substandard living conditions of the southern share croppers in the 1930†³s include lack of education, poor health care, and inadequate living facilities. The first factor that caused the substandard living onditions of the southern share croppers was their lack of education. There were several reasons the share croppers didn†t get the education they needed. One main reason was because many children didn†t go to school. Harold Walker writes that Southern cotton states ranked lower in rate of attendance for each student enrolled than any of the other states in the nation (4). A factor that contributed to this was their excessive mobility, which inhibited many children from going to school (Corder 27). It is common knowledge that any child who constantly moves around will not be able to attend school on a regular basis, and even if hey go to a school when they get a chance they will be so far behind they would have a difficult time catching up. Another factor that impeded on a child†s attendance at school was the fact that they never went to school when there was cotton to be picked (Walker 8). This may not seem like a large task, but some times it could take weeks to pick all the cotton. These few weeks that a child spent picking cotton was valuable learning time, and missing it could put a child too far behind to catch up. Another reason share croppers didn†t get the education they needed was because many southern rural schools had short terms Gentry 21). Because of this teachers would not be able to cover all of the material that they needed to cover, or they would have to rush through the material they did cover. A final reason the education of the southern cotton states was not as good as other states was because their teachers were not as good. This was reflected in the fact that the salaries of Southern teachers were not as high as the salaries of other teachers (Mckeon 98). Back in the 1930†³s the higher a teacher†s salary was the higher their quality and training was (Mckeon 98). This meant that when children did go to school they did not get adequate teaching. Because of all of these reasons education of the Southern cotton states was at an all time low. The children were not getting the education they needed, so they were forced to work the substandard jobs such as sharecropping. This meant that their children would not get the education they needed, either. It was a cycle that led to the lowering of the general living conditions of southern share croppers, but lack of education was not the only factor that lowered the living conditions of the share Another reason the living conditions of the southern share croppers were so low was because they had poor health care. To egin with the tenant farmers did not eat in a healthy manner. Mckeon writes that many tenant farmers in the South said that garden vegetables, milk, butter, and eggs were never a part of their diet (116). One of the main things that they did eat was â€Å"sowbelly†, a fat salty pork (Walker 33). Because they ate so poorly it was hard for them to stay healthy. Another health concern of the tenant farmers was that their clothing was very coarse and not warm enough (Gentry 38). Many of the men wore denim overalls and the women wore cheap cotton and homemade underwear, if any at all (Gentry 38). Wearing clothing like this ould be very hard on a person during the winter months, and could easily lead to diseases such as the flu or pneumonia. These diseases were hard for the poor sharecroppers to combat because it was hard for them to afford any medication, if there were any medications at all to help them out. Another disease that plagued the southern sharecroppers was typhoid fever (Gentry 31). This disease was spread through contaminated wells and took a heavy toll on the life and energy of a person (Gentry 31). Malaria, which led to several fatalities, was also a serious problem for the tenant farmers (Corder 98). It was a major roblem for many of the unfitting men, and the men who worked long energetic hours (Corder 98). With all of these health hazards it was hard for the southern share croppers to stay healthy. To make the problem even worse there were not enough health care facilities to take care of the sick. Walker writes that in the 1930†³s there was an average of 210 persons per hospital bed in the south, while the national average was only 120 (10). This led to many overcrowded hospitals, and many times the sick had to be sent home and took care of there. The bad thing about this was that the disease could be spread around the amily, and soon around the community because there was nothing to contain it. Because of this the living conditions of the southern sharecroppers continued to decline, and it became harder and harder for them to make a better life for themselves. Another major problem many of the southern sharecroppers faced was poor housing. In many cases the houses of the southern sharecroppers were in horrid condition. Walker writes that many of the houses were huts on the verge of collapsing (17). Many of these huts were on the verge of collapsing into the water that surrounded them (Walker 4). To get to these houses surrounded by ater logs were placed in a makeshift manner, and it was very dangerous to cross (Walker 4). A misplaced foot or a slippery log could easily have led to a severe injury, or maybe even death. The surrounding water could have also been an easy place for diseases, or dangerous animals to manifest, yet creating another health problem for the tenant farmers. Houses for the southern share croppers of this time were usually only two or three rooms, which made it almost impossible for anyone to have privacy or decency (Walker 87). The close living conditions also made it easier for germs to spread, which meant that when one erson in a family got sick the rest of the family got sick along with them. The construction of these shacks that the tenant farmers lived in was also very poor. In many cases the roofs were leaky (Walker 40). In other cases the houses were never even painted, which meant that the houses were more susceptible After looking back at the way the southern sharecroppers lived it is easy to see that their way of life was well below what is considered decent. These tenant farmers were plagued with disease, they lacked a thorough education, and they lived in wretched little shacks that were well below society†s standards.